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Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate[9]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na +) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO 3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.
Since 1982, STP has been defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 10 5 Pa (100 kPa, 1 bar). NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). [ 3 ] This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP).
Bicarbonate (HCO−3) is a vital component of the pH buffering system [ 3 ] of the human body (maintaining acid–base homeostasis). 70%–75% of CO 2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), which is the conjugate acid of HCO−3 and can quickly turn into it. [citation needed] With carbonic acid as the central intermediate ...
To use baking soda when baking powder is called for: For each 1 teaspoon baking powder, use 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar. If you don't have cream of tartar, you can use ...
The method is appealing to such users because sodium bicarbonate is widely sold as baking soda, and the temperatures required (250 °F (121 °C) to 300 °F (149 °C)) to convert baking soda to sodium carbonate are readily achieved in conventional kitchen ovens. [18]
Sodium acetate is also used in heating pads, hand warmers, and hot ice. A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate in water is supplied with a device to initiate crystallization, a process that releases substantial heat. Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 58–58.4 °C (136.4–137.1 °F), [12][13] dissolving in their water of ...
Baking powder is made up of a base, an acid, and a buffering material to prevent the acid and base from reacting before their intended use. [5] [6] Most commercially available baking powders are made up of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3, also known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda) and one or more acid salts.
For an exact conversion between degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius, and kelvins of a specific temperature point, the following formulas can be applied. Here, f is the value in degrees Fahrenheit, c the value in degrees Celsius, and k the value in kelvins: f °F to c °C: c = f − 32 / 1.8 c °C to f °F: f = c × 1.8 + 32