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Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin and freely circulate in the blood. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells.
Iron overload (also known as haemochromatosis or hemochromatosis) is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total iron in the body, leading to organ damage. [1] The primary mechanism of organ damage is oxidative stress, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase free radical formation via the Fenton reaction.
Age-related anemia may also be linked to increased levels of hepcidin, a hormone that reduces iron absorption in the intestine, leading to low iron levels. [ 175 ] The recommended daily intake of iron for both men and women is 8 mg, with an upper limit of 45 mg/day.
Conversely, higher-than-expected levels can be seen in people with a longer red blood cell lifespan, such as with iron deficiency. [38] Results can be unreliable in many circumstances, for example after blood loss, after surgery, blood transfusions, anemia, or high erythrocyte turnover; in the presence of chronic renal or liver disease; after ...
Even people with very low LDL levels achieved by statin treatment are exposed to increased risk if their HDL levels are not high enough. [ 19 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Very high HDL-C levels (≥80 mg/dL in men, ≥100 mg/dL in women) appears to be detrimental to cardiovascular outcomes.
This is a transcription factor that is inactive when cholesterol levels are high, and active when cholesterol levels are low. When cholesterol levels fall, SREBP is released from the nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum , it then migrates to the nucleus and causes the transcription of the HMG-CoA reductase gene .
Spironolactone has been found to increase LDL ("bad") cholesterol and decrease HDL ("good") cholesterol levels at the relatively high doses used in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). [ 149 ] [ 150 ] As such, it may have unfavorable effects on the blood lipid profile in this context.