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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Toughened glass was invented in 1874 by Francois Barthelemy Alfred Royer de la Bastie. [1] Wire mesh glass was invented in 1892 by Frank Shuman. [2] [3] Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist Édouard Bénédictus (1878–1930). [4] These three approaches can easily be combined, allowing for the creation of glass that is at ...
In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. [21] In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them.
Tempered laminated glass is designed to shatter into small pieces, preventing possible injury. When both pieces of glass are broken it produces a "wet blanket" effect and it will fall out of its opening. Heat strengthened laminated glass is stronger than annealed, but not as strong as tempered. It is often used where security is a concern.
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
The basic idea is to capture a 'floating' panel within a sturdy frame, as opposed to techniques used in making a slab solid wood cabinet door or drawer front, the door is constructed of several solid wood pieces running in a vertical or horizontal direction [1] with exposed endgrains. Usually, the panel is not glued to the frame but is left to ...
Decorative laminate Roll and sheet of decorative laminate. Decorative laminates are laminated products primarily used as furniture surface materials or wall paneling.It can be manufactured as either high- or low-pressure laminate, with the two processes not much different from each other except for the pressure applied in the pressing process.
Detail of 12th-century stained glass window in Strasbourg Cathedral; black and white paint has been used on the coloured glass. Secondly it refers to stained glass, used for windows. Here the design is made up using sheets of coloured glass, cut to shape and held in place by lead. The painting is the final stage, typically only in black. [2]
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