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In Judaism, angels (Hebrew: מַלְאָךְ, romanized: mal’āḵ, lit. 'messenger', plural: מַלְאָכִים mal’āḵīm) are supernatural beings [1] that appear throughout The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), rabbinic literature, apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, Jewish philosophy and mysticism, and traditional Jewish liturgy as agents of the God of Israel.
[citation needed] In Codex Alexandrinus "sons of God" has been omitted and replaced by "angels". [25] This reading of Angels is further confirmed by Augustine in his work City of God where he speaks of both variants in book 15 chapter 23. [26] The Peshitta reads "sons of God". [27] Furthermore the Vulgate goes for the literal filii Dei meaning ...
In his book The Chosen: The History of an Idea, and the Anatomy of an Obsession, Beker expresses the view that the concept of chosenness is the driving force behind Jewish-Gentile relations, explaining both the admiration and, more pointedly, the envy and the hatred which the world has felt towards the Jews in both religious and secular terms ...
Today, the process has become more centralized, with the conversion candidate having to convince a rabbi and the beth din of their sincerity, and there will usually be a considerable amount of study. In addition to studying, potential converts are typically expected to become involved in the Jewish community.
During the Hasmoean dynasty, Jews were conflicted on whether to be religiously or politically oriented, which was represented by the thematic differences in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees. 1 Maccabees, for instance, focuses on Judean affairs, generalizes all gentile rulers as being evil, believes Jewish martyrs were "pious fools", makes little ...
In the Hebrew Bible, there is some recognition of Gentile monotheistic worship as being directed toward the God of the Jews.This forms the category of yir’ei HaShem/yir’ei Shamayim (Hebrew: יראי השם, meaning "Fearers of the Name"/"Fearers of Heaven", [1] [4] [19] "the Name" being a Jewish euphemism for Yahweh, cf. Psalm 115:11).
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Mohammad was termed ummi, meaning a gentile, as distinguished from an Israelite. John Medows Rodwell in his translation of the Quran comments similarly in a note on chapter 52 verse 157 that the word ummi is equivalent to the Greek ethnos and the Hebrew goyim, and was applied by Jews to those who did not know scripture.