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Optimism: The construct called "optimism" is associated with having a positive outcome, outlook, or attribution, including positive emotions and motivations, while maintaining a realistic outlook. [19] Optimism was first explained by Martin Seligman, whereby optimists are defined as those who make internal, stable, and global attributions of ...
The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed. This phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless of the individual's knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally planned.
Optimism is typically examined with pessimism, and is thought to be a trait that is consistent over time. [8] Optimism has a strong influence on future orientation because optimistic people generally have positive expectations for their future and believe things will happen in their favour.
This is, however, a potentially difficult concept to grasp, where managers are used to looking for opposites; a good and a bad scenario, say, or an optimistic one versus a pessimistic one – and indeed this is the approach (for small businesses) advocated by Foster.
The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones. [1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind tends to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it tends to focus on the negative.
In short, pessimists view existence, overall, as having a deleterious effect on living beings: to be alive is to be put in a bad position. [5]: 4 [6]: 27–29 [7] [11] The bad prevails over the good — generally, the bad wins over the good. [9] [2] This can be understood in two ways. Firstly, one can make a case that — irrespective of the ...
Some research has suggested a pessimistic explanatory style may be correlated with depression [3] and physical illness. [4] The concept of explanatory style encompasses a wide range of possible responses to both positive and negative occurrences, rather than a black-white difference between optimism and pessimism.
Over time, the more optimistic students were less stressed, less lonely, and less depressed than their pessimistic counterparts. This study suggests a strong link between optimism and psychological well-being. Low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality [clarification needed]. [44]