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Elbows are also categorized by length. The radius of curvature of a long-radius (LR) elbow is 1.5 times the pipe diameter, but a short-radius (SR) elbow has a radius equal to the pipe diameter. Wide available short elbows are typically used in pressurized systems and physically tight locations.
Knuckle threads with a flat 30 degree flank thread angle are standardized in DIN 405 for inch pitches and diameters ranging from 8 mm to 200 mm. [3] A more recent standard DIN 20400 uses metric thread pitch and lists diameters from 10 mm to 300 mm. [4] As DIN is a German organization, many instances of the DIN thread charts [5] write numbers with a comma as the decimal marker.
Street elbows are available with bend angles of 90°, 45°, and 22.5°. They can be used in many plumbing applications, including water supply, drainage, sewers, vents, central vacuum systems, compressed air and gas lines, heating and air conditioning, sump pump drains, and other locations where plumbing fittings would be used to join sections of pipe.
British Standard Pipe Parallel Thread Dimensions; British Standard Pipe Taper Thread Dimensions Archived 2017-09-27 at the Wayback Machine; BSP Thread Charts and Diagrams, showing dimensions of tubing and fittings; ISO 7-1:1994; ISO 7-2:2000; ISO 228-1:2000; ISO 228-2:1987; Parallel pipe threads G; Parallel pipe threads PF
Piping and instrumentation diagram of pump with storage tank. Symbols according to EN ISO 10628 and EN 62424. A more complex example of a P&ID. A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is defined as follows: A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.
Sizes of circular features are indicated using either diametral or radial dimensions. Radial dimensions use an "R" followed by the value for the radius; Diametral dimensions use a circle with forward-leaning diagonal line through it, called the diameter symbol, followed by the value for the diameter.
Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature decreases, the curvature increases). The diagram to the right ...
(HSS dimensions are based on exterior dimensions of the profile; pipes are also manufactured to an exterior tolerance, albeit to a different standard.) The corners of HSS are heavily rounded, having a radius which is approximately twice the wall thickness. The wall thickness is uniform around the section.