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Gross capital formation in % of gross domestic product in world economy. Capital formation is a concept used in macroeconomics, national accounts and financial economics. Occasionally it is also used in corporate accounts. It can be defined in three ways:
Gross capital formation in % of gross domestic product in world economy. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is a component of the expenditure on gross domestic product (GDP) that indicates how much of the new value added in an economy is invested rather than consumed.
Map of countries by Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP), 2023, according to World Bank. This is the list of countries by gross fixed capital formation (GFCP), formerly known as gross fixed investment. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1.
Attempts have been made to estimate the value of the stock of fixed capital for the whole economy using direct enterprise surveys of "book value", administrative business records, tax assessments, and data on gross fixed capital formation, price inflation and depreciation schedules. A pioneer in this area was the economist Simon Kuznets. [3]
The concept of "gross fixed capital formation" (GFCF) used in official statistics however does not refer to total fixed investment in a country. Firstly GFCF measures only the value of additions to the fixed capital stock less the value of disposals of scrapped fixed assets. So normally total fixed investment in a year is in fact a larger value ...
The UNSNA manual notes that "The consumption of fixed capital is one of the most important elements in the System... It may account for 10 per cent or more of total GDP." CFC is defined "in a way that is theoretically appropriate and relevant for purposes of economic analysis". Its value may therefore diverge considerably from depreciation ...
where Y is the net national income, w is the money wage rate, N is the number of workers employed, K is the amount of capital utilized, p is the average price of output as well as of capital and π is the gross profit rate.The above equation indicates that the profit rate is a functional of labour productivity (p)and real wage rate(w/p)and ...
Variable capital, by contrast, refers to the capital outlay on labour costs insofar as they represent workers' earnings, the sum total of wages. The concept of constant vs. variable capital contrasts with that of fixed vs. circulating capital (used not only by Marx but by David Ricardo and other classical economists). The latter distinction ...