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"Institutional Settlement." As the name suggests, the legal process school was deeply interested in the processes by which law is made, and particularly in a federal system, how authority to answer various questions is distributed vertically (as between state and federal governments) and horizontally (as between branches of government) and how this impacts on the legitimacy of decisions.
For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured them is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. The victim still has to prove his case in a civil action, unless the doctrine of collateral estoppel applies, as it does in most American jurisdictions. [ 2 ]
Early federal and state civil procedure in the United States was rather ad hoc and was based on traditional common law procedure but with much local variety. There were varying rules that governed different types of civil cases such as "actions" at law or "suits" in equity or in admiralty; these differences grew from the history of "law" and "equity" as separate court systems in English law.
Legal process (sometimes simply process) is any formal notice or writ by a court obtaining jurisdiction over a person or property. [1] Common forms of process include a summons, subpoena, mandate, and warrant. [2] Process normally takes effect by serving it on a person, arresting a person, posting it on real property, or seizing personal property.
The term was first used explicitly in 1930s legal casebooks as a categorical distinction of selected due process cases, and by 1952 Supreme Court opinions had mentioned it twice. [4] The term "substantive due process" itself is commonly used in two ways: to identify a particular line of case law and to signify a particular political attitude ...
A citizen's right to a trial by jury is a central feature of the United States Constitution. [1] It is considered a fundamental principle of the American legal system. Laws and regulations governing jury selection and conviction/acquittal requirements vary from state to state (and are not available in courts of American Samoa), but the fundamental right itself is mentioned five times in the ...
The rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. U of Oklahoma Press, 1965). Granfield, Robert. Making elite lawyers : visions of law at Harvard and beyond - New York, NY [etc.] : Routledge, 1992; Duncan Kennedy: Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy, New Edition, New York Univ Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-4778-7
Thus, generally speaking, the U.S. Supreme Court has the authority (“jurisdiction”) to review state court determinations of federal law, but lacks jurisdiction to review state court determinations of state law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1257. This general rule is simple to apply in cases clearly involving only one body of law.