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The Han–Xiongnu Wars, [5] also known as the Sino–Xiongnu War, [6] was a series of military conflicts fought over two centuries (from 133 BC to 89 AD) between the Chinese Han Empire and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation, although extended conflicts can be traced back as early as 200 BC and ahead as late as 188 AD.
The Han dynasty made preparations for war when the Han Emperor Wu dispatched the Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.
The Han dynasty conquers the Minyue region (around present-day southeastern China). 133 BCE – 89 CE Han–Xiongnu War: Overall victory for Han forces over the Xiongnu. 133 BCE Battle of Mayi: Inconclusive battle between the Xiongnu and Han forces. 119 BCE Battle of Mobei: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu and reach as far north as Lake Baikal ...
In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huang ordered General Meng Tian to set out against the Xiongnu tribes in the Ordos region, and establish a frontier region at the loop of the Yellow River. [1] Believing that the Xiongnu were a possible threat as they have repeatedly raided Chinese lands before, the emperor launched a preemptive strike against the Xiongnu ...
Although no fighting actually took place, it marked the end of de jure peace between the Han dynasty and Xiongnu, and led to the beginning of the subsequent Han-Xiongnu War. The failure of the operation also motivated the Han court to develop effective cavalry forces and the use of offensive expeditionary military policies.
For example, in his first war against the Xiongnu, in 133 B.C., a large number of war chariots were mobilized as the chief military component. But when the chanyu of the Xiongnu, realizing that he had been tricked by misinformation provided by a Han spy, retreated to his territory, the Han forces were unable to overtake him.
In 195 BCE, Lu Wan King of Yan, fled to the Xiongnu after he was defeated by the Han general Zhou Bo. [17] In 178 BCE, the Xiongnu overran the Yuezhi and Wusun in Gansu and the Tarim Basin. [18] Modu died in 174 BCE and was succeeded by his son, Jiyu, who became Laoshang Chanyu. [19]
Xiongnu invasion of Donghu was a conflict between the Xiongnu and Donghu when Modu Chanyu came to power by ordering his men to kill his father in 209 BC. Modu Chanyu used the perceived weakness of the Xiongnu to his advantage [ 4 ] and defeated the Donghu Confederation, killing their leader and taking a great number of prisoners and livestock.