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ITER (initially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, iter meaning "the way" or "the path" in Latin [2] [3] [4]) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy through a fusion process similar to that of the Sun. It is being built next to the Cadarache facility in southern France.
From 1996 to 1998 a series of upgrades were made to the reactor, in order to conduct preliminary research for the design work on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor or ITER. One of the upgrades converted the tokamak to a D-shape divertor design with a major plasma radius of 1.5 m. ITER will also use superconducting magnets.
[1] [2] Since then, tokamaks became the dominant line of research globally with large tokamaks such as JET, TFTR and JT-60 being constructed and operated. The ITER tokamak experiment under construction, which aims to demonstrate scientific breakeven, will be the world's largest MCF device. While early stellarators of low confinement in the ...
This led to the adoption of the tokamak by the majority of fusion research establishments internationally. In 1977, following protracted negotiations, Culham was chosen as the site for the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak. [3] Construction began in 1978 and was completed on time and on budget, with first plasma in June 1983.
In 1999, the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), based on the spherical tokamak concept, came online at the PPPL. Odd-parity heating was demonstrated in the 4 cm radius PFRC-1 experiment in 2006. PFRC-2 has a plasma radius of 8 cm. Studies of electron heating in PFRC-2 reached 500 eV with pulse lengths of 300 ms. [10]
A tokamak (/ ˈ t oʊ k ə m æ k /; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially symmetrical torus. [1] The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power.
It was discovered in 1982 on the ASDEX tokamak that when the heating power applied is raised above a certain threshold, the plasma transitions spontaneously into a higher-confinement state where the energy confinement time approximately doubles in magnitude, [1] albeit still showing an inverse dependence on heating power.
[8] [9] However, the ITER experience suggests that development of a multi-billion US dollar tokamak-based technology innovation cycle able to develop fusion power stations that can compete with non-fusion energy technologies is likely to encounter the "valley of death" problem in venture capital, i.e., insufficient investment to go beyond ...