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The oppositional gaze is a term coined by bell hooks the 1992 essay The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators that refers to the power of looking. According to hooks, an oppositional gaze is a way that a Black person in a subordinate position communicates their status. hooks' essay is a work of feminist film theory that discusses the male gaze, Michel Foucault, and white feminism in film ...
That the gaze dehumanizes women into objects of desire is a psychological component of male and female sexuality in Western culture; [33] thus, "men do not simply look; [but] their gaze carries with it the power of action and of possession, which is lacking in the female gaze. Women receive and return a gaze, but cannot act upon it."
The gaze can be understood in psychological terms: "to gaze implies more than to look at – it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze." [4] In Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture (2009), Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright said that "the gaze is [conceptually ...
Rubin stresses the point that girls and women cannot give the phallus—they can only receive it "but only as a gift from a man." [17] It is ultimately only by coming to terms with this lack of the ability to give the phallus that girls/women recognize themselves as such. In other words, they are to be exchanged and "trafficked," and this is ...
The female gaze looks at three viewpoints: the individual who is filming, the characters within the film, and the spectator. These three viewpoints also are part of Mulvey's male gaze, but for the female gaze the focus is on women instead of men. Viewpoints expanded alongside diversity in film genres.
The matrixial gaze offers the female the position of a subject, not of an object, of the gaze, while deconstructing the structure of the subject itself, and offers border-time, border-space and a possibility for compassion and witnessing. Ettinger's notions articulate the links between aesthetics, ethics and trauma. [18]
Patricia Hill Collins coins the term outsider-within in a former essay [3] and redefines the term in her book to describe the experience of black women. In the book, she situates the term historically to describe the social location of black women in domestic work before World War II. While domestic work gave black women an opportunity "to see ...
Through questioning the existence of objective "truth" as separate from human construction, and through an analysis of language that acknowledges deep contextual and historical meanings, she highlights the intentions of This Bridge to challenge the forces that put all feminists into one category, as well as the oppositional thinking that makes ...