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In addition to the solutions for errors with smallest squares, margin maximization criteria, so-called training support vector machines, are used to determine the output values. [12] Other variants of echo state networks seek to change the formulation to better match common models of physical systems, such as those typically those defined by ...
Structure of RNN and BRNN [1] The principle of BRNN is to split the neurons of a regular RNN into two directions, one for positive time direction (forward states), and another for negative time direction (backward states). Those two states' output are not connected to inputs of the opposite direction states.
The standard method for training RNN by gradient descent is the "backpropagation through time" (BPTT) algorithm, which is a special case of the general algorithm of backpropagation. A more computationally expensive online variant is called "Real-Time Recurrent Learning" or RTRL, [ 78 ] [ 79 ] which is an instance of automatic differentiation in ...
A RNN (often a LSTM) where a series is decomposed into a number of scales where every scale informs the primary length between two consecutive points. A first order scale consists of a normal RNN, a second order consists of all points separated by two indices and so on. The Nth order RNN connects the first and last node.
A recursive neural network is a kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input, to produce a structured prediction over variable-size input structures, or a scalar prediction on it, by traversing a given structure in topological order.
Hopfield networks [6] [7] are recurrent neural networks with dynamical trajectories converging to fixed point attractor states and described by an energy function. The state of each model neuron is defined by a time-dependent variable , which can be chosen to be either discrete or continuous. A complete model describes the mathematics of how ...
A key breakthrough was LSTM (1995), [note 1] a RNN which used various innovations to overcome the vanishing gradient problem, allowing efficient learning of long-sequence modelling. One key innovation was the use of an attention mechanism which used neurons that multiply the outputs of other neurons, so-called multiplicative units . [ 13 ]
If only one previous word is considered, it is called a bigram model; if two words, a trigram model; if n − 1 words, an n-gram model. [2] Special tokens are introduced to denote the start and end of a sentence s {\displaystyle \langle s\rangle } and / s {\displaystyle \langle /s\rangle } .