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1912 Ukrainian version of the alleged correspondence in Mykola Arkas's History of Ukraine–Rus '. The Correspondence between the Ottoman sultan and the Cossacks, [1] also variously known as the Correspondence between the Cossacks and the Ottoman/Turkish sultan, [1] is a collection of apocryphal letters claiming to be between a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (usually identified as Mehmed IV [2 ...
The name Aq Qoyunlu, literally meaning "those with white sheep", [23] is first mentioned in late 14th century sources. It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads.
The "Cossacks" expansion to the video game Europa Universalis IV adapted the text of the reply for its trailer and included artwork based on the original painting, [11] the game Cossacks: European Wars has the central detail of the picture in its logo, and the game Cossacks 3 has the painting as the background of the main menu.
The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Azerbaijani: Qaraqoyunlular, قاراقویونلولار; Persian: قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman [8] [9] [10] monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
The Zaporozhian Sich (Polish: Sicz Zaporoska, Ukrainian: Запорозька Січ, Zaporozka Sich; also Ukrainian: Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового, Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho; Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower) [1] was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state [2] of Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries ...
A peace to end all peace: the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East (1. Owl Books ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0-8050-6884-8. OCLC 53814831. Helmreich, Paul C. (1976). "Italy and the Anglo-French Repudiation of the 1917 St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement". The Journal of Modern History.
Europa Universalis IV is a 2013 grand strategy video game in the Europa Universalis series, developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive as a sequel to Europa Universalis III (2007). [1] The game was released on 13 August 2013 for Windows, OS X, and Linux.
[1] The Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a form of the Perso-Arabic script that, despite not being able to differentiate O and U, was otherwise generally better suited to writing Turkic words rather than Perso-Arabic words. Turkic words had all of their vowels written in and had systematic spelling rules and seldom needed to be memorized. [2]