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The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15,000 newborns globally (differs per country). [11] [55] Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6.5:1. [37] [56] [27] [28] Hereditary relations in metopic synostosis have been found of which 5.5% were well defined syndromic. [11]
Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-related craniosynostosis, [1] is a human specific condition characterized by the premature closure of certain bones of the skull during development, which affects the shape of the head and face. First described by Maximilian Muenke, the syndrome occurs in about 1 in 30,000 newborns.
[10] [11] The resulting shape appears triangular from above. [12] Like many medical terms, 'trigonocephaly' is derived from Greek, and indicates the head in question is triangular in shape. A facial feature of metopic synostosis is hypotelorism; in the frontal view, it can be seen that the width between the eyes is smaller than usual. [11]
This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical face. Individuals with SCS also have droopy eyelids ( ptosis ), widely spaced eyes ( hypertelorism ), and minor abnormalities of the hands and feet ( syndactyly ). [ 2 ]
The distinctive head shape seen in kleeblattschaedel is caused by the closure of the sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures, with subsequent bulging of the cranial contents leading to a trilobate head shape. [7] The condition is also caused by absence of the coronal and lambdoid sutures. [10] Conditions with kleeblattschaedel include: [11] [12]
A baby with Pfeiffer syndrome may have a small, beak-shaped nose; crowded, crooked teeth; and sleep apnea, due to nasal blockage. There are three main types of Pfeiffer syndrome: type I is the mildest and most common; type II is the most severe, with neurological problems and a cloverleaf deformity; and type III is similar to type II, but ...
Babies' mobile cranial bones form a cone shape as they pass through the birth canal and soon thereafter return to a normal shape; however, a baby affected by carpenter syndrome maintains a cone shaped head. [citation needed] A baby affected by Carpenter syndrome will also display malformations of the face.
Scaphocephaly or sagittal craniosynostosis is a type of cephalic disorder which occurs when there is a premature fusion of the sagittal suture.Premature closure results in limited lateral expansion of the skull, resulting in a characteristic long, narrow head. [1]