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The most common causes of the disease have been linked to VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV respectively. [6] ARN cases have been reported in patients who have AIDS, are immunocompromised and in children. The disease is not limited to a specific gender. Most cases have been reported in young adults though children and the elderly can be affected. [6]
Tobacco exposure, most commonly through pipe and cigar smoking, can cause optic neuropathy. Middle-aged or elderly men are often affected and present with painless, slowly progressive, color distortion and visual loss in both eyes.
Angle-closure glaucoma should be considered if there is painful loss of vision with a red eye, nausea or vomiting. [4] The eye pressure will be very high typically greater than 40 mmHg. [5] Emergent laser treatment to the iris may prevent blindness. [4]
Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and; pain on movement of the affected eye. [4] [5] [2]Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye (especially red), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye.
Orbital cellulitis is inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum. It is most commonly caused by an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from either the adjacent sinuses or through the blood. It may also occur after trauma. When it affects the rear of the eye, it is known as retro-orbital cellulitis.
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
However, if the eyes are asymmetrically affected, i.e. one eye's optic nerve is more damaged than the other, it will produce an important sign called an afferent pupillary defect. [citation needed] Defective light perception in one eye causes an asymmetrical pupillary constriction reflex called the afferent pupillary defect (APD). [citation needed]
Retinal hemorrhage (UK English: retinal haemorrhage) is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. [1] There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones , which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form ...