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VDA 6.1 is a German quality management system standard. It was initiated by the automobile industry. The first VDA standard was for the exchange of surface models, and was named "VDA-FS". It has been superseded along the way, by a subset of the "Initial Graphics Exchange Specification" ; referred to, simply, as "VDA".
VDA (Germany) AIAG (North America) AVSQ (Italy) FIEV (France) SMMT (UK) But due to this regulation a supplier needed to provide two different certificates for Daimler and Chrysler (VDA 6.1 for Germany and QS 9000 America), even though the supplier delivered only to a single company. These complexities accelerated the need for harmonization.
IEC 60068 is an international standard for the environmental testing of electrotechnical products that is published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).. IEC 60068 is a collection of methods [1] for environmental testing of electronic equipment and products to assess their ability to perform under environmental conditions including extreme cold and dry heat.
Founded in 2000, [1] the ENX Association is an organization under French law of 1901. Its headquarters are located in Boulogne-Billancourt, France, and Frankfurt am Main.The fifteen members of the association, all represented on the ENX board, are Audi, BMW, Bosch, Continental, Daimler, DGA, Ford, Renault, Volkswagen, and the automotive associations ANFAC (Spain), GALIA (France), SMMT (UK ...
In Germany, Verinice is the recommended [1] [2] ISMS tool from German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) for its members [3] like Volkswagen, Daimler AG, Fiat and other big manufacturers. VDA is also sponsoring Verinice development since release 1.2.
This refrigerant was the industry standard until the 1970s when scientists discovered that R-12 contained chlorine which depleted the ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere. [39] When R-12 was released from either a leak in systems or improperly disposing of contaminated freon, the gaseous freon would go up into the atmosphere.
The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/kWh; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km — a general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends ...
The √ 2 factor also appears between the standard pen thicknesses for technical drawings in ISO 9175-1: 0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.50, 0.70, 1.00, 1.40, and 2.00 mm. This way, the right pen size is available to continue a drawing that has been magnified to a different standard paper size.