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Phenylglycine is the organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 CH(NH 2)CO 2 H. It is a non-proteinogenic alpha amino acid related to alanine, but with a phenyl group in place of the methyl group. It is a white solid. The compound exhibits some biological activity. [1]
Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. The most produced toxin for this group of fungi is fumonisin B1. [2] Studies have shown that it can cause diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses, hydrothorax and porcine pulmonary edema in swine, and it can negatively affect the immune system.
Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungi, known as mycotoxins. [1] In the food industry it is important to adopt measures that keep mycotoxin levels as low as practicable, especially those that are heat-stable.
[1] [2] The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. [3] [4] The class of chemicals produced by organisms that are considered defensive may be considered in a strict sense to only apply to those aiding an organism in escaping herbivory or predation. [1]
Aspergillus terreus can cause infection in animals, but it is contained to a few species, such as dogs and cattle. Widely, A. terreus is found to cause mycotic abortion in cattle. [9] [10] [17] In dogs, especially in the German Shepherd breed, this fungus is also responsible for sinusitis. [17] It can further affect dogs through its dissemination.
Phenolic acids can be found in mushroom basidiomycetes species. [45] For example, protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechol are found in Agaricus bisporus [46] as well as other phenylated substances like phenylacetic and phenylpyruvic acids. Other compounds like atromentin and thelephoric acid can also be isolated from fungi in the Agaricomycetes class.
An organism that lives within a plant; in mycology, specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants. This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant parts [108] endospore 1. An endogenous spore, e.g. a sporgangiospore, often resembling an ascospore. 2.
However, in hydroponic systems inside greenhouses, where extensive monocultures of plants are maintained in plant nutrient solution (containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and micronutrients) that is continuously recirculated to the crop, Pythium spp. cause extensive and devastating root rot and is often difficult to prevent or control.