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Vipera berus - Venom delivery apparatus. Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva [1] containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and digestion of prey. This also provides defense against threats. Snake venom is usually injected by unique fangs during a bite, though some species are also able to spit venom. [2]
The selection pressure on snake venom is thought to be selecting for functional diversity within the proteins in venom, both within a given species, and across species. [54] In addition to prey physiology, evidence exists that snake venom has evolved in response to the physiology of predators. [13]
[10] "The venom has a very high lethal potency, with an i.v. LD50 of 0.06-0.075 micrograms per g body weight in mice. The action of the venom is rapid and death results from seemingly neurotoxic effects. However, even at high concentrations, the venom does not block contractions of skeletal muscles that are directly or indirectly stimulated.
Evidence of early interest in snake venom was prevalent throughout the early 20th century with one of the first big breakthroughs being in the mid-1960s. For example, Halbert Raudonat was one of the first researchers to fractionate Cobra ( Naja nivea ) venom using a sophisticated dialysis and paper chromatography techniques. [ 14 ]
Venom in medicine is the medicinal use of venoms for therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. Venom is any poisonous compound secreted by an animal intended to harm or disable another. When an organism produces a venom, its final form may contain hundreds of different bioactive elements that interact with each other inevitably producing its ...
The discovery of an orally inactive peptide from snake venom established the important role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in regulating blood pressure. This led to the development of captopril, the first ACE inhibitor. When the adverse effects of captopril became apparent new derivates were designed.
British Dispensary Group is a Thai pharmaceutical and cosmetics group of companies, best known for its Snake Brand line of products. It was established as the British Dispensary in 1892 by Western doctors Peter Gowan and Thomas Heyward Hays , and was later acquired by Luan Vongvanij in 1928.
One of the N. haje CRISPs was the first example of an acidic CRISP in reptilian venom. The selective ion channel activity of snake CRISPs, coupled with the variety of CRISPs available as the pool of venom proteins appears highly variable between (at least) cobra species, provide a valuable tool for probing the mechanisms of ion channel activity ...