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Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Treatment of the condition is specific to the cause of hemolysis, but intense phototherapy and exchange transfusion can be used to help the patient excrete accumulated bilirubin. [11] Complications related to hemolytic jaundice include hyperbilirubinemia and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which may be deadly without proper treatment. [12] [13]
Treatment of acute episodes may include medications for infection, stopping the offending medication, or blood transfusions. [3] Jaundice in newborns may be treated with bili lights. [2] It is recommended that people be tested for G6PDD before certain medications, such as primaquine, are taken. [2] About 400 million people have the condition ...
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia refers to a group of conditions where levels of bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cell metabolism, are elevated in the blood due to a genetic cause. [1] Various mutations of enzymes in the liver cells, which breakdown bilirubin, cause varying elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. [ 2 ]
Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. [1] The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl.Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia.
Mild jaundice may appear under conditions of exertion, stress, fasting, and infections, but the condition is otherwise usually asymptomatic. [7] [8] Severe cases are seen by yellowing of the skin tone and yellowing of the conjunctiva in the eye. [9] Gilbert syndrome has been reported to contribute to an accelerated onset of neonatal jaundice.
"If this jaundice isn't treated, the standard types of symptoms are exactly what happened to Mark: growth retardation, spasticity, brain damage and deafness — that's sort of the hallmark," Fried ...
CAP-causing viruses may also be transferred from mother to child; herpes simplex virus, the most common, is life-threatening, and adenoviridae, mumps and enterovirus can also cause pneumonia. Another cause of neonatal CAP is Chlamydia trachomatis , which, though acquired at birth, does not cause pneumonia until two to four weeks later.