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To resolve some of the incompatibilities resulting from wchar_t 's properties, C++11 added two new classes: std::u16string and std::u32string (made up of the new types char16_t and char32_t), which are the given number of bits per code unit on all platforms. [14] C++11 also added new string literals of 16-bit and 32-bit "characters" and syntax ...
Converts Unicode character codes, always given in hexadecimal, to their UTF-8 or UTF-16 representation in upper-case hex or decimal. Can also reverse this for UTF-8. The UTF-16 form will accept and pass through unpaired surrogates e.g. {{#invoke:Unicode convert|getUTF8|D835}} → D835.
International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments. It gives applications the same results on all platforms and between C, C++, and Java software.
The identifier \u represents a 16-bit Unicode code point; to enter a 32-bit code point, use \U and a 32-bit hexadecimal number. Only valid Unicode code points can be entered. For example, code points on the range U+D800–U+DFFF are forbidden, as they are reserved for surrogate pairs in UTF-16 encodings.
Many Unicode characters are used to control the interpretation or display of text, but these characters themselves have no visual or spatial representation. For example, the null character (U+0000 NULL) is used in C-programming application environments to indicate the end of a string of characters.
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
Unicode equivalence is the specification by the Unicode character encoding standard that some sequences of code points represent essentially the same character. This feature was introduced in the standard to allow compatibility with pre-existing standard character sets , which often included similar or identical characters.
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be converted to Unicode and then back and get back the same file, without employing context-dependent interpretation.