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The discrete logarithm is the integer n solving the equation =, where x is an element of the group. Carrying out the exponentiation can be done efficiently, but the discrete logarithm is believed to be very hard to calculate in some groups.
To find the needed , , , and the algorithm uses Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm to find a cycle in the sequence =, where the function: + is assumed to be random-looking and thus is likely to enter into a loop of approximate length after steps.
In mathematics, for given real numbers a and b, the logarithm log b a is a number x such that b x = a.Analogously, in any group G, powers b k can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm log b a is an integer k such that b k = a.
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.
This was considered a minor step compared to the others for smaller discrete log computations. However, larger discrete logarithm records [1] [2] were made possible only by shifting the work away from the linear algebra and onto the sieve (i.e., increasing the number of equations while reducing the number of variables).
Baker's Theorem — If , …, are linearly independent over the rational numbers, then for any algebraic numbers , …,, not all zero, we have | + + + | > where H is the maximum of the heights of and C is an effectively computable number depending on n, and the maximum d of the degrees of . (If β 0 is nonzero then the assumption that are linearly independent can be dropped.)
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