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The volume of industrial production in Russia in 1913 amounted to 6938.9 million rubles. [8] In 1913, Russia's share in world industry was 5.3% (fifth place in the world). [9] [10] Shares of Russia, United States, Great Britain, Germany and France in world industrial production (in%) [11]
America and Russia saw each other as trading partners. Throughout the Revolutionary War, Catherine believed an independent American nation would be ideal for Russian business interests. While some Russian leaders worried that an independent America might interfere with Russia's trade with other European nations, Catherine saw direct Russian ...
Beginning in the 1550s, Russia conquered, on average, territory the size of the Netherlands every year for 150 years. This included Siberia, central Asia, the Caucasus and parts of Eastern Europe. Russia engaged in settler colonialism in these lands, and also founded colonies in North America, notably in present-day Alaska
In general, the peasants bought not only land, but also the value of serf labor, which enabled the state to cash in on the redemption operation. Unlike Austria and Prussia, the Russian government did not invest a single ruble in agrarian reform, but managed to make the redemption operation beneficial to the state. The debts of the landowners ...
Despite industrialization, Russia was still overwhelmingly rural and backward at the start of World War I. Moscow and Saint Petersburg were the only cities with any significant industry. Since most workers were fresh off the farm and totally uneducated, the main impetus of revolution came from middle-class college graduates frustrated at the ...
Vadim Rogovin notes that the desire to fulfill the plan led to a situation of overstretching forces and a permanent search for reasons to justify the non-fulfillment of excessive tasks. [53] Because of this, industrialization could not feed solely on enthusiasm and demanded a series of compulsory measures.
Still, not all of Russia’s arguments are unreasonable. “There are some concerns on the Russian side that are legitimate,” Steven Pifer, a former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, told me.
The transformations that took place in Europe, as a result of the expansion of industrialization and economic modernization, together with extraordinary improvements in the transport and communication systems, allowed millions of workers to move from Europe, abundant in labor, to the so-called New World countries, where the supply of land was ...