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Another important cell type is the pulmonary neuroendocrine cell. These are innervated cells that only make up around 0.5% of the respiratory epithelial cells. [7] The ciliated cells are columnar epithelial cells with specialized ciliary modifications. The ciliated cells make up between 50 and 80 per cent of the epithelium. [8]
Each respiratory bronchiole supplies the alveoli held in each acinus accompanied by a pulmonary artery branch. The pulmonary lobule is the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1 mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle .
Tuft cells were identified for the first time in the trachea and gastrointestinal tract in rodent, due to their typical morphology, by electron microscopy. The characteristic tubulovesicular system and apical bundle of microfilaments which are connected to tuft by long and thick microvilli, reaching into the lumen, gave them their name. [1]
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary ...
The respiratory bronchioles represent the transition from the conducting portion to the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. The narrow channels are usually less than 2 mm in diameter and they are lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells and non-ciliated club cells, which are unique to bronchioles.
Alveoli are the spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles. Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells . [ 1 ] The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
The mesothelium is composed of an extensive monolayer of specialized cells (mesothelial cells) that line the body's serous cavities and internal organs. The main purpose of these cells is to produce a lubricating fluid that is released between layers, [4] providing a slippery, non-adhesive, and protective surface to facilitate intracoelomic ...
The two types of cell are known as type I and type II cells [32] (also known as pneumocytes). [3] Types I and II make up the walls and alveolar septa. Type I cells provide 95% of the surface area of each alveoli and are flat ("squamous"), and Type II cells generally cluster in the corners of the alveoli and have a cuboidal shape. [33]