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The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test is based on the principle of diplopic projection. [1] Dissociation of the deviation is brought about by presenting a red line image to one eye and a white light to the other, while prisms are ...
The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion. [1] Through the use of a 4 dioptre base out prism, diplopia is induced which is the driving force ...
A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
Esotropia (from Greek eso 'inward' and trope 'a turning' [1]) is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [2] It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than ...
The prism fusion range (PFR) or fusional vergence amplitude is a clinical eye test performed by orthoptists, optometrists, and ophthalmologists to assess motor fusion, specifically the extent to which a patient can maintain binocular single vision (BSV) in the presence of increasing vergence demands. Motor fusion is largely accounted to ...
You began taking a new medication, such as an antihistamine, decongestant, antidepressant, or oral contraceptives, all of which can lead to dry eye. You may be developing an autoimmune disease ...
Purpose. whether a person has strabismus. In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Hirschberg test, also Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus (ocular misalignment). A photographic version of the Hirschberg test is used to quantify strabismus.
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]