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Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a form of white-matter brain injury, characterized by the necrosis (more often coagulation) of white matter near the lateral ventricles. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can affect newborns and (less commonly) fetuses; premature infants are at the greatest risk of neonatal encephalopathy which may lead to this condition.
Most of the brain in MS is unaffected. Though obviously normal white matter appears normal under MRI, so does the NAWM white matter described in the next section. To establish a difference, normal white matter is named Non-lesional white matter (NLWM) [134] This normal white matter is reported to be around 56% of the total WM of the patients. [135]
The damaged white matter is known as "Normal-appearing white matter" (NAWM) and is where lesions appear. [10] These lesions form in NAWM before blood–brain barrier breakdown. [64] BBB can be broken centripetally (the most normal) or centrifugally. [65] Several possible biochemical disrupters were proposed.
Others classify them as hippocampal, cortical, and WM lesions, [23] and finally, others give seven areas: intracortical, mixed white matter-gray matter, juxtacortical, deep gray matter, periventricular white matter, deep white matter, and infratentorial lesions. [24] The distribution of the lesions could be linked to the clinical evolution [25]
For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. [1] It was invented by Graeme Bydder, Joseph Hajnal, and Ian Young in the early 1990s. [2]
Leukoencephalopathy (leukodystrophy-like diseases) is a term that describes all of the brain white matter diseases, whether their molecular cause is known or unknown. [1] It can refer specifically to any of these diseases: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Toxic leukoencephalopathy
White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons). This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers, and acts as an electrical insulation.
Hyperintensities are commonly divided into 3 types depending on the region of the brain where they are found. Deep white matter hyperintensities occur deep within white matter, periventricular white matter hyperintensities occur adjacent to the lateral ventricles and subcortical hyperintensities occur in the basal ganglia. [citation needed]