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Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination.
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. [1]
Lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema may be ruled out from the tests. In addition, a spirometer often is used for finding the cause of shortness of breath, assessing the effect of contaminants on lung function, the effect of medication, and evaluating progress for disease treatment. [1]
6.5 years = 2,374 days and 56,976 hours, or 3,418,560 minutes. 5,772 cigarettes per year for 54 years = 311,688 cigarettes. 3,418,560/311,688=11 minutes per cigarette.
During the test the person inhales a test gas mixture that consisting of regular air that includes an inert tracer gas and CO, less than one percent. Since hemoglobin has a greater affinity to CO than oxygen the breath-hold time can be only 10 seconds, which is a sufficient amount of time for this transfer of CO to occur.
Diffusing capacity of the lung (D L) (also known as transfer factor) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung, to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels. It is part of a comprehensive series of pulmonary function tests to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas into and out of the blood.
Water temperature is relevant only as a factor influencing the body temperature and heat distribution of the diver, and heat distribution in the diver is mainly relevant as a factor influencing perfusion distribution. Systematic tests have shown that the timing of thermal status is important.
Chemical formula of nitric oxide (NO) together with its molecular size (115 pm).. In medicine, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO - now commonly known as FeNO) can be measured in a breath test for asthma and other respiratory conditions characterized by airway inflammation.