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These are eaten by herbivorous fish which in turn are eaten by larger carnivorous fish. [2] The toxins become more concentrated as they move up the food chain. [3] The fish most often implicated include barracuda, grouper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, and sturgeon. [2] Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms together with having recently ...
Use of the herbal fish poisons has been documented in a number of sources involving catching fish from fresh and sea water. [3] Tribal people historically used various plants for medicinal and food exploitation purposes. [4] Use of fish poisons is a very old practice in the history of humankind.
Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellate.The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, and roe of big reef fish like grouper, wrasse, triggerfish, lionfish, and amberjack.
Fish kills may also occur due to the presence of disease, agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, oil or hazardous waste spills, hydraulic fracturing wastewater, sea-quakes, inappropriate re-stocking of fish, poaching with chemicals, underwater explosions, and other catastrophic events that upset a normally stable aquatic population. [2]
PSP toxins (of which saxitoxin is the most ubiquitous) are produced in eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). Within the freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives from saxitoxin produced by cyanobacteria.
A toxic red tide is killing unprecedented numbers of fish and other marine life around San Francisco Bay, including Oakland's Lake Merritt. (August 31, AP Video/Terry Chea)
HABs can contain toxins or pathogens which result in fish kill and can also be fatal to humans. [30] In marine environments, HABs are mostly caused by dinoflagellates, [31] though species of other algae taxa can also cause HABs (diatoms, flagellates, haptophytes and raphidophytes). [32]
In the Pen-T’so Kang Mu (Index Herbacea or The Great Herbal by Li Shih-Chen, 1596) some types of the fish Ho-Tun (the current Chinese name for tetraodon) were also recognized as both toxic yet, at the right dose, useful as part of a tonic. Increased toxicity in Ho-Tun was noted in fish caught at sea (rather than river) after the month of March.