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ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including most embedded network administration software.
A route is considered unreachable if the hop count exceeds the maximum allowed. Route poisoning is a method of quickly forgetting outdated routing information from other router's routing tables by changing its hop count to be unreachable (higher than the maximum number of hops allowed) and sending a routing update.
In other words, a holddown keeps a router from receiving route updates until the network appears to be stable—until either an interface stops changing state (flapping) or a better route is learned. Holddowns are usually implemented with timers. If the router detects that a network is unreachable, the timer is started.
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Destination network unreachable 1: Destination host unreachable 2: Destination protocol unreachable 3: Destination port unreachable 4: Fragmentation required, and DF flag set 5: Source route failed 6: Destination network unknown 7: Destination host unknown 8: Source host isolated 9: Network administratively prohibited 10: Host administratively ...
The flush timer controls the time between the route is invalidated or marked as unreachable and removal of entry from the routing table. By default the value is 240 seconds. This is 60 seconds longer than Invalid timer. So for 60 seconds the router will be advertising about this unreachable route to all its neighbours.
Null routes are typically configured with a special route flag; for example, the standard iproute2 command ip route allows to set route types unreachable, blackhole, prohibit which discard packets. Alternatively, a null route can be implemented by forwarding packets to an illegal IP address such as 0.0.0.0 , or the loopback address .
In computing, traceroute and tracert are diagnostic command-line interface commands for displaying possible routes (paths) and transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The command reports the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) along the route to a destination.