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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Thermal fracturing in glass occurs when a sufficient temperature differential is created within glass. [1] As a warmed area expands or a cooled area contracts, stress forces develop, potentially leading to fracture. A temperature differential may be created in many ways, including solar heating, space heating devices, fire, or hot and cold liquids.
Thermal shock resistance measures can be used for material selection in applications subject to rapid temperature changes. The maximum temperature jump, , sustainable by a material can be defined for strength-controlled models by: [4] [3] = where is the failure stress (which can be yield or fracture stress), is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the Young's modulus, and is a constant ...
Heatable glass unit at work. The first heated glass was created in 1931 by Protes Glass Company, offered for cars. Their product was not a success. [3] Heated glass was first used on a wide scale in World War II in Naval Ships and on to aircraft windshields from frosting over in cold weather It is still used in both for this purpose.
Wired glass is used in the US for its fire-resistant abilities, and is well-rated to withstand both heat and hose streams. This is why wired glass exclusively is used on service elevators to prevent fire ingress to the shaft, and also why it is commonly found in institutional settings which are often well-protected and partitioned against fire.
Soda–lime glass (for containers) [2] Borosilicate (low expansion, similar to Pyrex, Duran) Glass wool (for thermal insulation) Special optical glass (similar to Lead crystal) Fused silica Germania glass Germanium selenide glass Chemical composition, wt% 74 SiO 2, 13 Na 2 O, 10.5 CaO, 1.3 Al 2 O 3, 0.3 K 2 O, 0.2 SO 3, 0.2 MgO, 0.01 TiO 2, 0. ...
Heat-strengthened glass, or tempered glass, is glass that has been heat treated to induce surface compression, but not to the extent of causing it to "dice" on breaking in the manner of tempered glass. On breaking, heat-strengthened glass breaks into sharp pieces that are typically somewhat smaller than those found on breaking annealed glass ...
These coatings are placed on the inner pane of glass, on the outer face if less solar heat gain is desired, and on the inner face if more solar heat gain is desired. Especially when combined with double-or-triple-paned windows, the R-values achieved with low-e coatings can be quite high, with a 3-paned window filled with argon with one low-e ...
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