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A female mallard duck incubates her eggs. Egg incubation is the process by which an egg, of oviparous (egg-laying) animals, develops an embryo within the egg, after the egg's formation and ovipositional release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.
Egg clutches number 8–13 creamy white to greenish-buff eggs free of speckles. [92] [93] They measure about 58 mm (2.3 in) in length and 32 mm (1.3 in) in width. [93] The eggs are laid on alternate days, and incubation begins when the clutch is almost complete. [93] Incubation takes 27–28 days and fledging takes 50–60 days.
Before the 18th century, duck breeds were rarely recorded in England, and the common duck, bred for farming, was a domesticated form of the wild mallard. The common duck varied in colour, and as in the wild, white ducks would occasionally occur. [1] White ducks were particularly prized, as their feathers were popular as a filler for quilts. [2]
Claviceps zizaniae is a plant pathogen that causes ergot in the wild rice species Zizania aquatica and Z. palustris.Originally described in 1920 as Spermoedia zizaniae by Faith Fyles, [2] it was transferred to Claviceps in 1959 by Maria E. Pantidou. [3]
A balut is a fertilized bird egg (usually a duck) which is incubated for a period of 14 to 21 days, depending on the local culture, and then steamed. The contents are eaten directly from the shell. Balut that is incubated for longer periods have a well-developed embryo and the features of the duckling are recognizable.
Brood patch of a sand martin. A brood patch, also known as an incubation patch, [1] is a patch of featherless skin on the underside of birds during the nesting season.Feathers act as inherent insulators and prevent efficient incubation, to which brood patches are the solution.
Rice-duck: China, Malaysia, South Korea, Vietnam, etc. While rice is growing: Ducks eat pests (e.g. brown planthoppers) in the crop; they stir water, limiting weeds, and manure the rice. Surface must be even; water depth must suit ducks; young ducks best as they don't nibble rice leaf tips. [5] Rice-fish-duck: China: Fishes bred on rice terraces
This polyculture yields both rice and ducks from the same land; the ducks eat small pest animals in the crop; they stir the water, limiting weeds, and manure the rice. Other rice polycultures in the region include rice-fish-duck and rice-fish-duck-azolla systems, where fish further manure the rice and help to control pests. [15] [16]