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This added noise obscures the influence of any single individual's data, thereby protecting their privacy while still allowing for meaningful statistical analysis. Common distributions used for noise generation include the Laplace and Gaussian distributions. These mechanisms are particularly useful for functions that output real-valued numbers.
The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B in the system of Gaussian units and is equal to Mx/cm 2 or g/Bi/s 2, while the oersted is the unit of H-field. One tesla (T) corresponds to 10 4 gauss, and one ampere (A) per metre corresponds to 4π × 10 −3 oersted.
The "1.2/50 μs" generator is designed for insulation testing, and produces a high-voltage, low-current impulse into a high-impedance load. The output current of this generator is on the milliampere scale. [2] [5] The "8/20 μs" generator is designed for surge arrester testing, and produces a high-current surge into a low-impedance load. [2]
A resistor at a certain temperature has a thermal noise associated with it. A noise generator might have two resistors at different temperatures and switch between the two resistors. The resulting output power is low. (For a 1 kΩ resistor at room temperature and a 10 kHz bandwidth, the RMS noise voltage is 400 nV. [3])
A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which creates a synchronous (i.e., clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a waveform, usually sinusoidal. [1] NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). [3]
Also, the output moves in an estimate of gradient direction of input. The higher the alpha parameter, the higher is the effect of input x and the less damping is seen. A low value of beta is effective in controlling sudden surges in velocity. Also, as alpha increases beyond unity, the output becomes rougher and more uneven than the input. [3]
If the generator uses 32 bits per output value, the smallest non-zero number that can be generated is . When U 1 {\displaystyle U_{1}} and U 2 {\displaystyle U_{2}} are equal to this the Box–Muller transform produces a normal random deviate equal to δ = − 2 ln ( 2 − 32 ) cos ( 2 π 2 − 32 ) ≈ 6.660 {\textstyle \delta ={\sqrt ...
Unlike function generators, AWGs can generate any arbitrarily defined waveshape as their output. [1] The waveform is usually defined as a series of "waypoints" (specific voltage targets occurring at specific times along the waveform) and the AWG can either jump to those levels or use any of several methods to interpolate between those levels.