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A treatise of union of the two realmes of England and Scotland by the English historian Sir John Hayward, 1604. From 1603 Scotland and England shared the same monarch in a personal union when James VI of Scotland was declared King of England and Scotland in what was known as the Union of the Crowns.
By 1900, Scotland had 3500 miles of railway; their main economic contribution was moving supplies in and product out for heavy industry, especially coal-mining. [221] Shipping on the Clyde, by John Atkinson Grimshaw, 1881. Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800. [222]
Scotland under the Commonwealth is the history of the Kingdom of Scotland between the declaration that the kingdom was part of the Commonwealth of England in February 1652, and the Restoration of the monarchy with Scotland regaining its position as an independent kingdom, in June 1660.
The Church of Scotland's ruling General Assembly votes to allow actively gay men and women to become ministers. 2014: 18 September: Scotland has a referendum on regaining national independence. The result is to remain a country of the UK, by 55% to 45%. 2014: 19 September
The total area is 30,977 square miles (80,231 km 2) with a land area of 30,078 square miles (77,901 km 2), [4] comparable to the size of the Czech Republic. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 miles (154 km) between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west.
From the 5th century on, north Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms. Of these, the four most important were those of the Picts in the north-east, the Scots of Dál Riata in the west, the Britons of Strathclyde in the south-west and the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia (which united with Deira to form Northumbria in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England.
Scotland was invaded by England a further four times – in 1300, 1385, 1400 and 1482. In 1653, Scotland joined England and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (also known as The Protectorate), which existed until 1659.
The German Emergency Acts were passed, amending the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany to allow for the restriction of certain freedoms in the event of an emergency, and marking a major political defeat for the German student movement. 1969: 21 October: Willy Brandt of the SPD was elected chancellor of West Germany. 1970: 5 June