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The power coefficient [9] C P (= P/P wind) is the dimensionless ratio of the extractable power P to the kinetic power P wind available in the undistributed stream. [ citation needed ] It has a maximum value C P max = 16/27 = 0.593 (or 59.3%; however, coefficients of performance are usually expressed as a decimal, not a percentage).
Worst Case Discharge (WCD) is a calculation used by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement to determine the maximum flow rate for an offshore oil well in the event of an oil spill.
Whereas the streamtube area is reduced by a propeller, it is expanded by a wind turbine. For either application, a highly simplified but useful approximation is the Rankine–Froude "momentum" or "actuator disk" model (1865, [1] 1889 [2]). This article explains the application of the "Betz limit" to the efficiency of a ground-based wind turbine.
American Petroleum Institute, Oil Spill Prevention and Response; NOAA, 2002. Oil Spill Prevention and Response: A Selected Bibliography on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill; Offshore Technology Resource Center. 2001. Comparative Risk Analysis for Deepwater Production Systems; Oil & Gas UK, Oil Spill Prevention and Response Advisory Group (OSPRAG)
An example of a wind turbine, this 3 bladed turbine is the classic design of modern wind turbines Wind turbine components : 1-Foundation, 2-Connection to the electric grid, 3-Tower, 4-Access ladder, 5-Wind orientation control (Yaw control), 6-Nacelle, 7-Generator, 8-Anemometer, 9-Electric or Mechanical Brake, 10-Gearbox, 11-Rotor blade, 12-Blade pitch control, 13-Rotor hub
By extension, the efficiency of the wind turbine is a function of the tip-speed ratio. Ideally, one would like to have a turbine operating at the maximum value of C p at all wind speeds. This means that as the wind speed changes, the rotor speed must change as well such that C p = C p max.
In 2010, the US Energy Information Agency said "offshore wind power is the most expensive energy generating technology being considered for large scale deployment". [5] The 2010 state of offshore wind power presented economic challenges significantly greater than onshore systems, with prices in the range of 2.5-3.0 million Euro/MW. [36]
This is a reverse-chronological list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s) that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons , 256 Imperial gallons , 7.33 barrels , or 1165 litres .