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The following other wikis use this file: Usage on en.wikisource.org Wikisource:Community collaboration/Monthly Challenge/August 2022; Index:Calculus Made Easy.pdf
Fundamental theorem of calculus; Integration by parts; Inverse chain rule method; Integration by substitution. Tangent half-angle substitution; Differentiation under the integral sign; Trigonometric substitution; Partial fractions in integration. Quadratic integral; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Trapezium rule; Integral of the secant function ...
Calculus Made Easy ignores the use of limits with its epsilon-delta definition, replacing it with a method of approximating (to arbitrary precision) directly to the correct answer in the infinitesimal spirit of Leibniz, now formally justified in modern nonstandard analysis and smooth infinitesimal analysis.
Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal approach is a textbook by H. Jerome Keisler. The subtitle alludes to the infinitesimal numbers of the hyperreal number system of Abraham Robinson and is sometimes given as An approach using infinitesimals. The book is available freely online and is currently published by Dover. [1]
Calculus is also used to find approximate solutions to equations; in practice, it is the standard way to solve differential equations and do root finding in most applications. Examples are methods such as Newton's method , fixed point iteration , and linear approximation .
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus. While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful. This page lists some of the most common antiderivatives.
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each point in time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). Roughly speaking, the two operations can be ...
Spivak acknowledged in the preface of the second edition that the work is arguably an introduction to mathematical analysis rather than a calculus textbook. [13] Another of his well-known textbooks is Calculus on Manifolds, [14] a concise (146 pages) but rigorous and modern treatment of multivariable calculus accessible to advanced undergraduates.
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