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Grade is usually expressed as a percentage - converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope; the numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 ...
When a hillside contains much flora their roots create an interlocking network that can strengthen unconsolidated material. They also aid in absorbing the excess water in the soil to help keep the slope stable. However, they do add to the weight of the slope giving gravity that much more of a driving force to act on in pushing the slope downward.
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [ 1 ] It is a dimensionless quantity , usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).
English: Diagram showing grade (slope) expressed in percent, along with a protractor showing angles in degrees. ... (15 KB) BW95: Increase font size. 04:50, 21 March ...
A porch in Curry Village in Yosemite National Park is framed in snow. Yosemite is closed to visitors after the park experienced significant snowfall with some areas recording up to 15 feet of snow ...
1 in 15.4 (6.5%) Incline from the Causeway Street Tunnel up to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Green Line (MBTA), Boston, Massachusetts, United States [15] This incline is commonly believed to be the "steepest grade of tracks in the T system." [16] 1 in 15.9 (6.3%) Alishan Forest Railway, Taiwan: 1 in 16.4 (6.1%) Hunsrückbahn, Germany: Built as a ...
Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber; Cave – Natural void under the Earth's surface; Cenote – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath; Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion; Crevasse – A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier