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Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestin medication used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as acne, excessive body hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender individuals ...
The general side effects of EE include breast tenderness and enlargement, headache, fluid retention, and nausea among others. [7] In men, EE can additionally cause breast development, feminization in general, hypogonadism, and sexual dysfunction. Rare but serious side effects include blood clots, liver damage, and cancer of the uterus. [7]
Aromatase excess syndrome (AES or AEXS) is a rarely diagnosed genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an overexpression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the estrogen sex hormones from the androgens, in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating estrogens and, accordingly, symptoms of hyperestrogenism.
A 1991 review reported that the influences of spironolactone on androgen levels in women were variable and inconsistent. [78] Spironolactone has shown no significant effect on levels of testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in men. [146] [78]
Ovarian stimulation with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole has been proposed for ovulation induction in order to treat unexplained female infertility. In a multi-center study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development, ovarian stimulation with letrozole resulted in a significantly lower frequency of multiple gestation (i.e., twins or triplets) but also a lower frequency ...
Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women, and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women. [33] Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper (cation channels of sperm) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels.
Hormone replacement therapy consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen, has well-documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women. [25] [26] These benefits include increased skin collagen content, skin thickness and elasticity, and skin hydration and surface lipids.
The diversity of receptors means that prostaglandins act on an array of cells and have a wide variety of effects such as: create eicosanoids hormones; act on thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus to produce fever; increase mating behaviors in goldfish [13] cause the uterus to contract [a]