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  2. Integration by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts

    Integration by parts is a heuristic rather than a purely mechanical process for solving integrals; given a single function to integrate, the typical strategy is to carefully separate this single function into a product of two functions u(x)v(x) such that the residual integral from the integration by parts formula is easier to evaluate than the ...

  3. Integration using parametric derivatives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using...

    For example, suppose we want to find the integral ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 e − 3 x d x . {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2}e^{-3x}\,dx.} Since this is a product of two functions that are simple to integrate separately, repeated integration by parts is certainly one way to evaluate it.

  4. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    In addition to Euler's identity, it can be helpful to make judicious use of the real parts of complex expressions. For example, consider the integral For example, consider the integral ∫ e x cos ⁡ x d x . {\displaystyle \int e^{x}\cos x\,dx.}

  5. Integral equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_equation

    Linear: An integral equation is linear if the unknown function u(x) and its integrals appear linearly in the equation. [1] Hence, an example of a linear equation would be: [1] = + () (,) As a note on naming convention: i) u(x) is called the unknown function, ii) f(x) is called a known function, iii) K(x,t) is a function of two variables and ...

  6. Leibniz integral rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_integral_rule

    In calculus, the Leibniz integral rule for differentiation under the integral sign, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, states that for an integral of the form () (,), where < (), < and the integrands are functions dependent on , the derivative of this integral is expressible as (() (,)) = (, ()) (, ()) + () (,) where the partial derivative indicates that inside the integral, only the ...

  7. Adjoint equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_equation

    An adjoint equation is a linear differential equation, usually derived from its primal equation using integration by parts.Gradient values with respect to a particular quantity of interest can be efficiently calculated by solving the adjoint equation.

  8. Integration by parts operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts_operator

    The same relation holds for more general φ by an approximation argument; thus, the Itō integral is an integration by parts operator and can be seen as an infinite-dimensional divergence operator. This is the same result as the integration by parts formula derived from the Clark-Ocone theorem.

  9. Lists of integrals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals

    Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.

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