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  2. List of forms of government - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government

    A semi-presidential republic is a government system with power divided between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, used in countries like France, Portugal, and Egypt. The president, elected by the people, symbolizes national unity and foreign policy while the prime minister is appointed by the president or ...

  3. List of countries by Fragile States Index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    Common indicators include a state whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory; non-provision of public services; widespread corruption and criminality; refugees and involuntary movement of populations; and sharp economic decline. [1]

  4. List of countries by federal system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, [28] 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. [29]

  5. List of countries by system of government - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of countries by system of government" – news ...

  6. Authoritarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism

    Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

  7. Determinism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism

    Biological determinism, sometimes called genetic determinism, is the idea that each of human behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by human genetic nature. Behaviorism involves the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes—either environmental or reflexive. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner developed this nurture-focused ...

  8. World-systems theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory

    World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective) [3] is a multidisciplinary approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis. [3]

  9. Self-determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination

    In contrast, Rosa Luxemburg called a "right of nations to self-determination", valid for all countries and all times, "nothing more than a metaphysical cliché" that offers no "practical solution of nationality problems" and argued that the very concept of the nation as an "homogenous social and political entity" was derived from bourgeois ...