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Myoglobinuria, the presence of myoglobin in the urine, occurs when the level in plasma exceeds 0.5–1.5 mg/dL; once plasma levels reach 100 mg/dL, the concentration in the urine becomes sufficient for it to be visibly discolored [10] and corresponds with the destruction of about 200 grams of muscle. [18] As the kidneys reabsorb more water from ...
Elevated levels of serum CK greater than 5,000 U/L that are not caused by myocardial infarction, brain injury or disease, generally indicate serious muscle damage confirming the diagnosis of ER. [17] Urine is often a dark "cola" color as a result of the excretion of muscle cell components.
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]
For the adult male, the normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl, or 53 to 106 μmol/L by the kinetic or enzymatic method, and 0.8 to 1.5 mg/dl, or 70 to 133 μmol/L by the older manual Jaffé reaction. For the adult female, with her generally lower muscle mass, the normal range is 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dl, or 44 to 97 μmol/L by the enzymatic method.
Outside the range of pH that is compatible with life, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and the body is unable to sustain itself. The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma. Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced.
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney function, because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced [ 5 ] via a biological system involving creatine , phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine ...
The excess glycogen within the muscle cells that lack oxygen begin to function anaerobically to produce the needed Adenosine Triphosphate. The anaerobic work creates a buildup of waste products, lactic acid, and heat. This subsequently alters the cell by preventing the cell's enzymes from functioning and the myofilaments from contracting ...
The renal clearance ratio or fractional excretion is a relative measure of the speed at which a constituent of urine passes through the kidneys. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is defined by following equation: c l e a r a n c e r a t i o o f X = C x C i n {\displaystyle clearance\ ratio\ of\ X={\frac {C_{x}}{C_{in}}}}