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[3] [4] Financial statement assertions provide a framework to assess the risk of material misstatement in each significant account balance or class of transactions. [5] Both United States and International auditing standards include guidance related to financial statement assertions, although the specific assertions differ.
In data management, completeness is metaknowledge that can be asserted for parts of the KB via completeness assertions. [1] [2] As example, a knowledge base may contain complete information for predicates R and S, while nothing is asserted for predicate T. Then consider the following queries: Q1 :- R(x), S(x) Q2 :- R(x), T(x) For Query 1, the ...
The assertions are not individually assessed but quite often at the same time. For example, to ensure completeness of electricity expense, the auditor ensures the 12 months of payments were booked. Since the client may record the bills paid on a cash basis, electricity expense of a month of previous basis period might be entered in the current ...
In the context of knowledge management, the closed-world assumption is used in at least two situations: (1) when the knowledge base is known to be complete (e.g., a corporate database containing records for every employee), and (2) when the knowledge base is known to be incomplete but a "best" definite answer must be derived from incomplete information.
For example, an auditor may: physically examine inventory as evidence that inventory shown in the accounting records actually exists (existence assertion); inspect supporting documents like invoices to confirm that sales did occur (occurrence); arrange for suppliers to confirm in writing the details of the amount owing at balance date as evidence that accounts payable is a liability (rights ...
An example of a risk statement corresponding to the above assertion level control objective might be: "The risk that revenue is recognized before the delivery of products and services." Note that this reads very similarly to the control objective, only stated in the negative.
Substance over form is an accounting principle used "to ensure that financial statements give a complete, relevant, and accurate picture of transactions and events". If an entity practices the 'substance over form' concept, then the financial statements will convey the overall financial reality of the entity (economic substance), rather than simply reporting the legal record of transactions ...
Completeness: All transactions are processed that should be. Valuation: Transactions are valued accurately using the proper methodology, such as a specified means of computation or formula. For example, a validity control objective might be: "Payments are made only for authorized products and services received."