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Walter John Kilner MRCP (1847–1920) was a British medical electrician at St. Thomas Hospital, London. There, from 1879 to 1893, he was in charge of electrotherapy. He was also in private medical practice, in Ladbroke Grove, London. He wrote papers on a range of subjects but is today best remembered for his late study The Human Atmosphere.
MSIS [3] stands for mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter radar, the two primary data sources for development of earlier versions of the model. E indicates that the model extends from the ground through exosphere and 00 is the year of release. Over the years since introduction, NRLMSISE-00 has become the standard for international space ...
The main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change, its direction does not change with respect to height, and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the 500 mb (15 inHg) and 1,000 mb (30 inHg) geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them.
A static atmospheric model has a more limited domain, excluding time. A standard atmosphere is defined by the World Meteorological Organization as "a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure and density which, by international agreement, is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions."
The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) can also be run as a standalone atmosphere model. Its most current version is 3.1, while 3.0 was the fifth generation. On May 17, 2002, its name was changed from the NCAR Community Climate Model to reflect its role in the new system. [8]
By the early 1980s, the United States' National Center for Atmospheric Research had developed the Community Atmosphere Model; this model has been continuously refined. [44] In 1996, efforts began to model soil and vegetation types. [45] Later the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research's HadCM3 model coupled ocean-atmosphere elements ...
At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method. The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
Map of Aerosol Optical Depth simulated by the CHIMERE model General organization of a chemistry-transport model. CHIMERE is a chemistry-transport model.It is a computer code that unites a set of equations representing the transport and the chemistry of atmospheric species making it possible to quantify the evolution of air masses and pollution plumes as a function of time on different scales ...