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In 1920, Winslow published a widely-cited definition of public health in Science, describing the field as "the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene ...
Bureau-shaping is a rational choice model of bureaucracy and a response to the budget-maximization model.It argues that rational officials will not want to maximize their budgets, but instead to shape their agency so as to maximize their personal utilities from their work.
They cite Winslow as follows: In 1920, CEA Winslow provided the following definition of public health practice: Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organised community efforts, the education of the individual in principals of personal hygiene, the ...
While Max Weber's work was published in the late 1800s and early 1900s, before his death in 1920, his work is still referenced today in the field of sociology. Weber's theory of bureaucracy claims that it is extremely efficient, and even goes as far as to claim that bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. [20]
"work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion", the number of workers within public administration, bureaucracy or officialdom tends to grow, regardless of the amount of work to be done. This was attributed mainly to two factors: that officials want subordinates, not rivals, and that officials make work for each other.
The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. Under the management of "initiative and incentive", the first three elements often exist in some form, but their importance is minor.
The PHS also is home to the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC). [citation needed] Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) and the U.S. Surgeon General; Office of Global Affairs; The subordinate operating agencies under the Public Health Service: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Centers for Disease Control and ...
Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century is a book about the economics and sociology of work under monopoly capitalism by the political economist Harry Braverman. Building on Monopoly Capital by Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy , it was first published in 1974 by Monthly Review Press .