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[citation needed] Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. [1] [non-primary source needed] Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene.
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion , which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another.
Carrier and channel ionophores (a) Carrier ionophores reversibly bind ions and carry them through cell membranes. (b) Channel ionophores create channels within cell membranes to facilitate the transport of ions. In chemistry, an ionophore (from Greek ion and -phore 'ion carrier') is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. [1]
Besides light excitation, carriers in semiconductors can also be generated by an external electric field, for example in light-emitting diodes and transistors. When light with sufficient energy hits a semiconductor, it can excite electrons across the band gap. This generates additional charge carriers, temporarily lowering the electrical ...
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen through chemical reactions. LOHCs can therefore be used as storage media for hydrogen . In principle, every unsaturated compound (organic molecules with C-C double or triple bonds ) can take up hydrogen during hydrogenation .
The most common form of surrogacy is called "gestational surrogacy," in which the surrogate is formally referred to as a "gestational carrier." In this scenario, which was first introduced in the ...
Free carrier concentration is the concentration of free carriers in a doped semiconductor. It is similar to the carrier concentration in a metal and for the purposes of calculating currents or drift velocities can be used in the same way. Free carriers are electrons that have been introduced into the conduction band (valence band) by doping ...
In gestational surrogacy, an egg from a donor or intended mother is used. In the US, the number of gestational carriers increased from just over 700 in 1999 to more than 3,400 in 2023. Between ...