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The emperors Darius (ruled 522–486 BCE) and Xerxes (ruled 486–465 BCE) made it the official religion of their empire. [35] 600 BCE – 500 BCE: The earliest Confucian writing, Shu Ching, incorporates ideas of harmony and heaven. 599 BCE – 527 BCE: The life of Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism. [36]
36th century BC: 35th century BC: 34th century BC: 33rd century BC: 32nd century BC: 31st century BC: 3rd millennium BC · 3000–2001 BC 30th century BC: 29th century BC: 28th century BC: 27th century BC: 26th century BC: 25th century BC: 24th century BC: 23rd century BC: 22nd century BC: 21st century BC: 2nd millennium BC · 2000–1001 BC ...
Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE. [1] [2] More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. [1] [3]
The history of religion is the written record of human religious feelings, thoughts, and ideas. This period of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,200 years ago (3200 BCE). [1] The prehistory of religion involves the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records.
The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans of the Kuru Kingdom 1200 BCE – 525 BCE, [71] [note 18] lasted from c. 1750 to 500 BCE. [ 72 ] [ note 19 ] The Indo-Aryans were a branch of the Indo-European language family, which many scholars believe originated in Kurgan culture of the Central Asian steppes .
By the 5th century, Christianity was the dominant religion in the Middle East, with other faiths (gradually including heretical Christian sects) being actively repressed. The Middle East's ties to the city of Rome were gradually severed as the Empire split into East and West , with the Middle East tied to the new Roman capital of Constantinople .
The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, though this is not a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative degrees of civility in different societies, [2] but this concept of a ranking order has since fallen into disrepute in many contemporary cultures.
The 20th century saw a large shift in Jewish populations, particularly the large-scale migration to the Americas and Palestine (later Israel). The independence of Israel sparked mass exodus of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries. Today, the majority of the world's Jewish population is concentrated in Israel and the United States. [1]