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[a] Originally defined as the volume of 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of distilled water (under certain conditions), [b], then redefined by the Weights and Measures Act 1985 to be exactly 4.546 09 L (277.42 cu in), the imperial gallon is 1.62% smaller than the pre-1824 ale gallon.
An imperial fluid ounce is 1 ⁄ 20 of an imperial pint, 1 ⁄ 160 of an imperial gallon, or exactly 28.4130625 mL. A US customary fluid ounce is 1 ⁄ 16 of a US liquid pint, 1 ⁄ 128 of a US gallon, or exactly 29.5735295625 mL, making it about 4.084% larger than the imperial fluid ounce. A US food labeling fluid ounce is exactly 30 mL.
The system can be traced back to the measuring systems of the Hindus [18]: B-9 and the ancient Egyptians, who subdivided the hekat (about 4.8 litres) into parts of 1 ⁄ 2, 1 ⁄ 4, 1 ⁄ 8, 1 ⁄ 16, 1 ⁄ 32, and 1 ⁄ 64 (1 ro, or mouthful, or about 14.5 ml), [19] and the hin similarly down to 1 ⁄ 32 (1 ro) using hieratic notation, [20] as ...
Avoirdupois (/ ˌ æ v ər d ə ˈ p ɔɪ z, ˌ æ v w ɑːr dj uː ˈ p w ɑː /; [1] abbreviated avdp.) [2] is a measurement system of weights that uses pounds and ounces as units. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It was first commonly used in the 13th century AD and was updated in 1959.
The Winchester bushel is the volume of a cylinder 18.5 in (470 mm) in diameter and 8 in (200 mm) high, which gives an irrational number, of approximately 2150.4202 cubic inches. [4] The modern American or US bushel is rounded to exactly 2150.42 cubic inches, a difference of less than one part per ten million.
In the apothecaries' system, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century, [15] the dram is the mass of 1 ⁄ 96 pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or 1 ⁄ 8 ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥) [5]: C-7 (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the troy pound (lb t), and troy ounce (oz t ...
The troy ounce is the only unit of the system in current use; it is used for precious metals. Although the troy ounce is larger than its avoirdupois equivalent, the pound is smaller. The obsolete troy pound was divided into 12 ounces, rather than the 16 ounces per pound of the avoirdupois system.
English-speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure, or in modern terminology volume units, based on the apothecaries' system. Originally, the terms and symbols used to describe the volume measurements of liquids were the same as or similar to those used to describe weight measurements of solids [33] (for example, the pound by weight and the fluid pint were both referred to ...