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In simpler terms, LoS represents the maximum distance an individual can intentionally sway in any direction without losing balance or needing to take a step. [2] The typical range of stable swaying is approximately 12.5° in the front-back (antero-posterior) direction and 16° in the side-to-side (medio-lateral) direction. [3]
A woman demonstrating the ability to balance A waiter balancing wine glasses. Balance in biomechanics, is an ability to maintain the line of gravity (vertical line from centre of mass) of a body within the base of support with minimal postural sway. [1] Sway is the horizontal movement of the centre of gravity even when a person is standing still.
The vertical/Z axis, or yaw axis, is an imaginary line running vertically through the ship and through its centre of mass.A yaw motion is a side-to side movement of the bow and stern of the ship.
Water accumulating in the hull usually drains to the bilges, lowering the center of gravity and actually increasing the metacentric height. This assumes the ship remains stationary and upright. However, once the ship is inclined to any degree (a wave strikes it for example), the fluid in the bilge moves to the lower side. This results in a list.
The metacentric height is an approximation for the vessel stability at a small angle (0-15 degrees) of heel. Beyond that range, the stability of the vessel is dominated by what is known as a righting moment. Depending on the geometry of the hull, naval architects must iteratively calculate the center of buoyancy at increasing angles of heel.
In 1958 a flight simulator for the Comet 4 aircraft used a three-degrees-of-freedom hydraulic system. Simulator motion platforms today use 6 jacks ("Hexapods") giving all six degrees-of-freedom, the three rotations pitch, roll and yaw, plus the three translational movements heave (up and down), sway (sideways) and surge (longitudinal).
The inverted pendulum has been employed in various devices and trying to balance an inverted pendulum presents a unique engineering problem for researchers. [7] The inverted pendulum was a central component in the design of several early seismometers due to its inherent instability resulting in a measurable response to any disturbance.
In hurricane-force winds with V (3 m) = 40-m/s (≈78 knots) the speed at 15 m would be V (15 m) = 49 m/s (≈95 knots) with p = 0.128. [26] This suggests that sails that reach higher above the surface can be subject to stronger wind forces that move the centre of effort ( CE ) higher above the surface and increase the heeling moment.