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Bell polynomials. In combinatorial mathematics, the Bell polynomials, named in honor of Eric Temple Bell, are used in the study of set partitions. They are related to Stirling and Bell numbers. They also occur in many applications, such as in Faà di Bruno's formula.
Sextic equation. Graph of a sextic function, with 6 real roots (crossings of the x axis) and 5 critical points. Depending on the number and vertical locations of minima and maxima, the sextic could have 6, 4, 2, or no real roots. The number of complex roots equals 6 minus the number of real roots. In algebra, a sextic (or hexic) polynomial is a ...
The Bell numbers are named after Eric Temple Bell, who wrote about them in 1938, following up a 1934 paper in which he studied the Bell polynomials. [27] [28] Bell did not claim to have discovered these numbers; in his 1938 paper, he wrote that the Bell numbers "have been frequently investigated" and "have been rediscovered many times". Bell ...
In mathematics, the degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it, and thus is a non-negative integer. For a univariate polynomial, the degree of the polynomial is simply the ...
In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, a Stirling number of the second kind (or Stirling partition number) is the number of ways to partition a set of n objects into k non-empty subsets and is denoted by or . [1] Stirling numbers of the second kind occur in the field of mathematics called combinatorics and the study of partitions.
Touchard polynomials. The Touchard polynomials, studied by Jacques Touchard (1939), also called the exponential polynomials or Bell polynomials, comprise a polynomial sequence of binomial type defined by. where is a Stirling number of the second kind, i.e., the number of partitions of a set of size n into k disjoint non-empty subsets. [1][2][3][4]
In mathematics, the nth cyclotomic polynomial, for any positive integer n, is the unique irreducible polynomial with integer coefficients that is a divisor of and is not a divisor of for any k < n. Its roots are all n th primitive roots of unity , where k runs over the positive integers less than n and coprime to n (and i is the imaginary unit ...
Vieta's formulas relate the polynomial coefficients to signed sums of products of the roots r1, r2, ..., rn as follows: Vieta's formulas can equivalently be written as for k = 1, 2, ..., n (the indices ik are sorted in increasing order to ensure each product of k roots is used exactly once). The left-hand sides of Vieta's formulas are the ...