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Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [ 3] It affects more than 280 million people of all ages (about 3.5% of the global population). [ 4] Depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. [ 5] Depressed people often experience loss of motivation or interest in, or reduced pleasure ...
Major depressive disorder ( MDD ), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [ 8] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, [ 9] the term was adopted by the American ...
Economic depression. An economic depression is a period of carried long-term economic downturn that is the result of lowered economic activity in one or more major national economies. Economic depression may be related to one specific country where there is some economic crisis that has worsened but most often reflexes historically the American ...
In the mid-20th century, researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. [ 32]
Dysthymia ( / dɪsˈθaɪmiə / dihs-THIY-mee-uh ), also known as persistent depressive disorder ( PDD ), [ 3] is a mental and behavioral disorder, [ 5] specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with longer-lasting symptoms. [ 3][ 6][ 7] The concept was ...
Biology of depression. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), [ 1] and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.
Treatment. Counseling, antidepressant medication, electroconvulsive therapy. Melancholic depression, or depression with melancholic features, is a DSM-IV and DSM-5 specifier of depressive disorders. The specifier is used to distinguish clinically relevant subsets of causes and symptoms [ 1] that have the potential to influence treatment.
Long-term depression. In neurophysiology, long-term depression ( LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress. [ 1]
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