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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea ( PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. [ 1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. [ 2] PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs ...
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Idiopathic head tremors (IHT) in dogs are characterized by involuntary lateral or vertical movement of the head. [ 1] Idiopathic head tremors are ordinarily considered a benign disease characterized by uncontrollable head tremors of spontaneous initiation and cessation. These head tremors are considered idiopathic because the cause is not ...
Obesity. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome ( OHS) is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough, resulting in low oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels. The syndrome is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes periods of absent or reduced breathing in ...
Ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability. MG is an autoimmune disease where anomalous antibodies are produced against the naturally occurring acetylcholine receptors in voluntary muscles. MG may be limited to the muscles of the eye (ocular MG ...
Possessiveness. Frustration. Dominance. Pain/illness. “Fear is a common cause of aggression in dogs,” Dr. Barnette says. “When your dog is scared, they have two options — run away or stick ...
Degenerative myelopathy initially affects the back legs and causes muscle weakness and loss, and lack of coordination. These cause a staggering effect that may appear to be arthritis. The dog may drag one or both rear paws when it walks. This dragging can cause the nails of one foot to be worn down. The condition may lead to extensive paralysis ...
“A dog’s face will be pointed away from the source of stress, but the eyes are still heavily focused on or flicking toward the source of anxiety, with the whites of the eyes (usually not ...