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Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2] All-trans-retinoic acid is required for chordate animal development, which includes all higher animals from fish to ...
Retinoic acid is actively transported into the cell nucleus by CRABp2 where it regulates thousands of genes by binding directly to gene targets via retinoic acid receptors. [6] In addition to retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, there are plant-, fungi- or bacteria-sourced carotenoids which can be metabolized to retinol, and are thus vitamin A ...
Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present.
Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision). Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. In fact, a recent study suggests most living organisms on ...
For all-trans-retinoic acid as the metabolite of vitamin A, see Retinoic acid. Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [ 8 ][ 9 ][ 10 ] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [ 10 ]
First generation retinoids are produced naturally in the body and interact with their normal biological counterparts, such as retinol binding protein 4 for retinol, retinoid receptors for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid. [7] 13-cis retinoic acid has an unknown biological pathway but appears to act as a growth factor. [8]
Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, with formula C 36 H 60 O 2. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals. [2] An alternate spelling, retinol palmitate, which violates the -yl organic chemical naming convention for esters, is also frequently seen.
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor [1] that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, retinoid active derivatives of Vitamin A. [2] They are typically found within the nucleus. [3] There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR ...